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专业问题 - 研究生复试 |
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    <h1 id="数据结构类"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#数据结构类">#</a> 数据结构类</h1>
<h2 id="b树和b树的区别"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#b树和b树的区别">#</a> B 树和 B + 树的区别？</h2>
<ul>
<li>B 树在所有结点都存数据，B + 树只在叶子结点存数据</li>
<li>B + 树支持遍历叶子结点，B 树不支持</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="说几种排序的算法"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#说几种排序的算法">#</a> 说几种排序的算法</h2>
<p>选择、冒泡、插入、快速、堆、归并排序</p>
<h2 id="快速排序的思想"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#快速排序的思想">#</a> 快速排序的思想？</h2>
<h2 id="快速排序在数据基本有序的情况下时间复杂度会达到onn如何改进"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#快速排序在数据基本有序的情况下时间复杂度会达到onn如何改进">#</a> 快速排序在数据基本有序的情况下时间复杂度会达到 O (n*n)，如何改进？</h2>
<ul>
<li>头、尾、中间三个元素取中间值作为基准元素</li>
<li>在一次分割结束后，可以把与 Key 相等的元素聚在一起，继续下次分割时，不用再对与 key 相等元素分割</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="c中有拷贝构造函数什么时候需要重写拷贝构造函数"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#c中有拷贝构造函数什么时候需要重写拷贝构造函数">#</a> C++ 中有拷贝构造函数，什么时候需要重写拷贝构造函数？</h2>
<p>拷贝构造函数是使用类对象的引用作为参数的构造函数，它能够将参数的属性值拷贝给新的对象，完成新对象的初始化。一般三种情况我们可能需要重写拷贝构造函数</p>
<ol>
<li>使用一个对象初始化另一个对象</li>
<li>对象作为实参传递给参数</li>
<li>函数返回值为类对象，创建临时对象作为返回值</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="什么是抽象类"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#什么是抽象类">#</a> 什么是抽象类</h2>
<p>如果一个类中没有包含足够的信息来描绘一个具体的对象，这样的类就是抽象类。抽象类不能实例化对象，所以抽象类必须被继承，才能被使用</p>
<h2 id="头指针和头结点的区别"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#头指针和头结点的区别">#</a> 头指针和头结点的区别</h2>
<p>头指针是指链表指向第一个结点的指针，若链表有头结点，则是指向头结点的指针</p>
<p>头结点是为了操作的统一和方便而设立的，放在第一个元素的结点之前，其数据域一般无意义</p>
<h2 id="bfs和dfs的区别"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#bfs和dfs的区别">#</a> BFS 和 DFS 的区别</h2>
<p>DFS 使用栈，相当于二叉树的先序遍历</p>
<p>BFS 使用队列，相当于二叉树的层序遍历</p>
<h2 id="什么是稳定的排序算法"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#什么是稳定的排序算法">#</a> 什么是稳定的排序算法</h2>
<p>序列中，存在多个具有相同的关键字的记录，经过排序，这些记录的相对次序保持不变</p>
<h2 id="堆排序的排序过程"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#堆排序的排序过程">#</a> 堆排序的排序过程</h2>
<h1 id="操作系统类"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#操作系统类">#</a> 操作系统类</h1>
<h2 id="进程的7个状态"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#进程的7个状态">#</a> 进程的 7 个状态</h2>
<p>创建、就绪、运行、阻塞、终止、就绪挂起、阻塞挂起</p>
<h2 id="操作系统如何实现内存保护"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#操作系统如何实现内存保护">#</a> 操作系统如何实现内存保护</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>上、下限寄存器</strong></li>
<li><strong>重定位寄存器</strong>和<strong>界地址寄存器</strong></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="进程控制块包含哪些信息"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#进程控制块包含哪些信息">#</a> 进程控制块包含哪些信息</h2>
<p><strong>进程标识、进程状态、优先级、中断现场、所占资源</strong></p>
<h2 id="用户态和内核态之间的转换"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#用户态和内核态之间的转换">#</a> 用户态和内核态之间的转换</h2>
<p>用户态 ——&gt; 内核态：系统调用、中断、异常、主程序出错</p>
<p>内核态 ——&gt; 用户态：使用修改 CPU 状态寄存器这一特权指令</p>
<h2 id="中断和异常几种情况看一下"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#中断和异常几种情况看一下">#</a> 中断和异常几种情况看一下</h2>
<h1 id="数据库类"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#数据库类">#</a> 数据库类</h1>
<h2 id="mysql中的索引是用什么实现的"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#mysql中的索引是用什么实现的">#</a> Mysql 中的索引是用什么实现的？</h2>
<p>B 树和 B + 树</p>
<h2 id="什么是数据库"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#什么是数据库">#</a> 什么是数据库</h2>
<p>按照数据结构来组织、存储和管理数据的仓库</p>
<h2 id="数据库中索引的作用和优缺点"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#数据库中索引的作用和优缺点">#</a> 数据库中索引的作用和优缺点</h2>
<p>为了提高查询速度而对表字段附加的一种标识</p>
<p>优点是能提高查询的速度</p>
<p>缺点是会增大数据库的数据量</p>
<h1 id="计算机网络类"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#计算机网络类">#</a> 计算机网络类</h1>
<h2 id="udp的主要特点"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#udp的主要特点">#</a> UDP 的主要特点</h2>
<p>无连接、尽最大努力交付、没有拥塞控制、首部开销小、支持一对多通信</p>
<h1 id="神经网络类"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#神经网络类">#</a> 神经网络类</h1>
<h2 id="深度神经网络为什么要用非线性激活函数"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#深度神经网络为什么要用非线性激活函数">#</a> 深度神经网络为什么要用非线性激活函数</h2>
<p>如果不用激活函数，每一层输出都是上层输入的线性函数，很容易验证，无论你神经网络有多少层，输出都是输入的线性组合，与没有隐藏层效果相当</p>
<h2 id="sigmoid激活函数和softmax激活函数的主要区别"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#sigmoid激活函数和softmax激活函数的主要区别">#</a> sigmoid 激活函数和 softmax 激活函数的主要区别</h2>
<p>softmax 的计算的是一个比重，而 sigmoid 只是对每一个输出值进行非线性化。</p>

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          <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 数据结构类</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#b%E6%A0%91%E5%92%8Cb%E6%A0%91%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> B 树和 B + 树的区别？</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AF%B4%E5%87%A0%E7%A7%8D%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 说几种排序的算法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 快速排序的思想？</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%BE%BE%E5%88%B0onn%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%94%B9%E8%BF%9B"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 快速排序在数据基本有序的情况下时间复杂度会达到 O (n*n)，如何改进？</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#c%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%89%E6%8B%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E9%87%8D%E5%86%99%E6%8B%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">1.5.</span> <span class="toc-text"> C++ 中有拷贝构造函数，什么时候需要重写拷贝构造函数？</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">1.6.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 什么是抽象类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%A4%B4%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%B4%E7%BB%93%E7%82%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">1.7.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 头指针和头结点的区别</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#bfs%E5%92%8Cdfs%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">1.8.</span> <span class="toc-text"> BFS 和 DFS 的区别</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">1.9.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 什么是稳定的排序算法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%A0%86%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B"><span class="toc-number">1.10.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 堆排序的排序过程</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 操作系统类</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B%E7%9A%847%E4%B8%AA%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 进程的 7 个状态</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 操作系统如何实现内存保护</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%9D%97%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 进程控制块包含哪些信息</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%80%81%E5%92%8C%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%80%81%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2"><span class="toc-number">2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 用户态和内核态之间的转换</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E5%87%A0%E7%A7%8D%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E7%9C%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B"><span class="toc-number">2.5.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 中断和异常几种情况看一下</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 数据库类</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#mysql%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E6%98%AF%E7%94%A8%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> Mysql 中的索引是用什么实现的？</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 什么是数据库</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%98%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9"><span class="toc-number">3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 数据库中索引的作用和优缺点</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 计算机网络类</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#udp%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9"><span class="toc-number">4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> UDP 的主要特点</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 神经网络类</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%A6%81%E7%94%A8%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 深度神经网络为什么要用非线性激活函数</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#sigmoid%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%92%8Csoftmax%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> sigmoid 激活函数和 softmax 激活函数的主要区别</span></a></li></ol></li></ol>
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